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Ordo naturalis
In botany, the phrase ''ordo naturalis'', "natural order", was once used for what today is a family. Its origins lie with Carolus Linnaeus who used the word when he referred to natural groups of plants in his lesser-known work, particularly ''Philosophia Botanica''. In his more famous works the ''Systema Naturae'' and the ''Species Plantarum'', plants were arranged according to his artificial "Sexual system", and Linnaeus used the word "ordo" for an artificial unit. In those works, only genera and species (sometimes varieties) were "real" taxa.
In nineteenth-century works such as the ''Prodromus'' of de Candolle and the ''Genera Plantarum'' of Bentham & Hooker, the word ''ordo'' did indicate taxa that are now given the rank of family. Contemporary French works used the word "famille" for these same taxa. In the first international ''Rules'' of botanical nomenclature of 1906 the word family (''familia'') was assigned to this rank, while the term "order" (''ordo'') was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the nineteenth century had often been named a ''cohors'' (plural ''cohortes'').
The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' provides for names published in the rank of ''ordo naturalis'' in Art 18.2: normally, these are to be accepted as family names.〔 Article 18.2〕
Some plant families retain the name they were given by pre-Linnaean authors, recognised by Linnaeus as "natural orders" (e.g. ''Palmae'' or ''Labiatae''). Such names are known as descriptive family names.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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